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				<h2>C++ 枚举类型详解</h2>				<h3><em>分类</em> <a href="../w3cnote_genre/code" title="编程技术" >编程技术</a> </h3>
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<p><strong>枚举类型的定义：</strong>枚举类型(enumeration)是 C++ 中的一种派生数据类型，它是由用户定义的若干枚举常量的集合。</p>

<p>定义格式：枚举类型的定义格式为：</p>
<pre>enum &lt;类型名&gt; {&lt;枚举常量表&gt;};</pre>

<p><strong>格式说明：</strong></p>

<ul><li>关键字enum——指明其后的标识符是一个枚举类型的名字。 </li><li>枚举常量表——由枚举常量构成。"枚举常量"或称"枚举成员"，是以标识符形式表示的整型量，表示枚举类型的取值。枚举常量表列出枚举类型的所有取值，各枚举常量之间以"，"间隔，且必须各不相同。取值类型与条件表达式相同。
</li></ul>

<p><strong>应用举例：</strong></p>
<pre>enum color_set1 {RED, BLUE, WHITE, BLACK}; // 定义枚举类型color_set1
enum week {Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat}; // 定义枚举类型week</pre>

<p><strong>重要提示：</strong></p>

<p>枚举常量代表该枚举类型的变量可能取的值，编译系统为每个枚举常量指定一个整数值，默认状态下，这个整数就是所列举元素的序号，序号从0开始。
可以在定义枚举类型时为部分或全部枚举常量指定整数值，在指定值之前的枚举常量仍按默认方式取值，而指定值之后的枚举常量按依次加1的原则取值。
各枚举常量的值可以重复。例如：</p>
<pre>enum fruit_set {apple, orange, banana=1, peach, grape}
//枚举常量apple=0,orange=1, banana=1,peach=2,grape=3。</pre>
<pre>enum week {Sun=7, Mon=1, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat};
//枚举常量Sun,Mon,Tue,Wed,Thu,Fri,Sat的值分别为7、1、2、3、4、5、6。</pre>
<p>枚举常量只能以标识符形式表示，而不能是整型、字符型等文字常量。例如，以下定义非法：</p>
<pre>enum letter_set {'a','d','F','s','T'}; //枚举常量不能是字符常量
enum year_set{2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005}; //枚举常量不能是整型常量</pre>
<p>可改为以下形式则定义合法：</p>
<pre>enum letter_set {a, d, F, s, T};
enum year_set{y2000, y2001, y2002, y2003, y2004, y2005};</pre>
<hr><h2>枚举变量的使用</h2>

<p>定义枚举类型的主要目的是：增加程序的可读性。枚举类型最常见也最有意义的用处之一就是用来描述状态量，这点将在第9章 输入输出流类看到。</p>

<p>定义格式：定义枚举类型之后，就可以定义该枚举类型的变量，如：</p>
<pre>color_set1 color1, color2;</pre>
<p>亦可类型与变量同时定义（甚至类型名可省），格式如下：</p>
<pre>enum {Sun,Mon,Tue,Wed,Thu,Fri,Sat} weekday1, weekday2;</pre>
<h3>
相关操作
</h3><p>
枚举变量的值只能取枚举常量表中所列的值，就是整型数的一个子集。</p>
<p>枚举变量占用内存的大小与整型数相同。</p>
<p>枚举变量只能参与赋值和关系运算以及输出操作，参与运算时用其本身的整数值。例如，设有定义：</p>
<pre>enum color_set1 {RED, BLUE, WHITE, BLACK} color1, color2;
enum color_set2 { GREEN, RED, YELLOW, WHITE} color3, color4;</pre>
<p>则允许的赋值操作如下：</p>
<pre>color3=RED;           //将枚举常量值赋给枚举变量
color4=color3;        //相同类型的枚举变量赋值，color4的值为RED
int  i=color3;        //将枚举变量赋给整型变量，i的值为1
int  j=GREEN;         //将枚举常量赋给整型变量，j的值为0</pre>
<p>允许的关系运算有：==、&lt;、&gt;、&lt;=、&gt;=、!=等，例如：</p>
<pre>//比较同类型枚举变量color3，color4是否相等
if (color3==color4) cout&lt;&lt;"相等"；
//输出的是变量color3与WHITE的比较结果，结果为1
cout&lt;&lt; color3&lt;WHITE;</pre>     
<p>枚举变量可以直接输出，输出的是变量的整数值。例如：</p>
<pre>cout&lt;&lt; color3;         //输出的是color3的整数值，即RED的整数值1</pre>

<hr>
<h2>实例</h2>
<p>口袋中有红、黄、蓝、白、黑五种颜色的球若干个，每次从口袋中取三个不同颜色的球，统计并输出所有的取法。</p>
<p><strong>分析：</strong>由于球只能是五种颜色之一，故可用枚举类型表示球的颜色。设取出的球为i、j、k，根据题意，i、j、k分别可以有五种取值，且i≠j≠k。可以用穷举法，逐个检验每一种可能的组合，从中找出符合要求的组合并输出。</p>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">实例</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-prepro">#include</span><span class="hl-quotes">&lt;</span><span class="hl-string">iostream</span><span class="hl-quotes">&gt;</span><span class="hl-prepro"></span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-prepro">#include</span><span class="hl-quotes">&lt;</span><span class="hl-string">iomanip</span><span class="hl-quotes">&gt;</span><span class="hl-prepro"></span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-reserved">using</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-types">namespace</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">std</span><span class="hl-code">;
</span><span class="hl-types">int</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">main</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-brackets">{</span><span class="hl-code">
    </span><span class="hl-types">enum</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">color_set</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">{</span><span class="hl-identifier">red</span><span class="hl-code">,</span><span class="hl-identifier">yellow</span><span class="hl-code">,</span><span class="hl-identifier">blue</span><span class="hl-code">,</span><span class="hl-identifier">white</span><span class="hl-code">,</span><span class="hl-identifier">black</span><span class="hl-brackets">}</span><span class="hl-code">; </span><span class="hl-comment">//声明枚举类型color</span><span class="hl-comment"></span><span class="hl-code">
    </span><span class="hl-identifier">color_set</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">color</span><span class="hl-code">; 
    </span><span class="hl-types">int</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">i</span><span class="hl-code">,</span><span class="hl-identifier">j</span><span class="hl-code">,</span><span class="hl-identifier">k</span><span class="hl-code">,</span><span class="hl-identifier">counter</span><span class="hl-code">=</span><span class="hl-number">0</span><span class="hl-code">,</span><span class="hl-identifier">loop</span><span class="hl-code">; </span><span class="hl-comment">//counter是累计不同颜色的组合数</span><span class="hl-comment"></span><span class="hl-code">
    </span><span class="hl-reserved">for</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-identifier">i</span><span class="hl-code">=</span><span class="hl-identifier">red</span><span class="hl-code">;</span><span class="hl-identifier">i</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;=</span><span class="hl-identifier">black</span><span class="hl-code">;</span><span class="hl-identifier">i</span><span class="hl-code">++</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">{</span><span class="hl-code">
        </span><span class="hl-reserved">for</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-identifier">j</span><span class="hl-code">=</span><span class="hl-identifier">red</span><span class="hl-code">;</span><span class="hl-identifier">j</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;=</span><span class="hl-identifier">black</span><span class="hl-code">;</span><span class="hl-identifier">j</span><span class="hl-code">++</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">{</span><span class="hl-code">
            </span><span class="hl-reserved">if</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-identifier">i</span><span class="hl-code">!=</span><span class="hl-identifier">j</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-brackets">{</span><span class="hl-code">                        </span><span class="hl-comment">//前两个球颜色不同</span><span class="hl-comment"></span><span class="hl-code">
                </span><span class="hl-reserved">for</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-identifier">k</span><span class="hl-code">=</span><span class="hl-identifier">red</span><span class="hl-code">;</span><span class="hl-identifier">k</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;=</span><span class="hl-identifier">black</span><span class="hl-code">;</span><span class="hl-identifier">k</span><span class="hl-code">++</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">
                </span><span class="hl-reserved">if</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-identifier">k</span><span class="hl-code">!=</span><span class="hl-identifier">i</span><span class="hl-code">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="hl-identifier">k</span><span class="hl-code">!=</span><span class="hl-identifier">j</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-brackets">{</span><span class="hl-code">        </span><span class="hl-comment">//第三个球不同于前两个，满足要求</span><span class="hl-comment"></span><span class="hl-code">
                    </span><span class="hl-identifier">counter</span><span class="hl-code">++;
                    </span><span class="hl-reserved">if</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-identifier">counter</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">%</span><span class="hl-number">22</span><span class="hl-code">==</span><span class="hl-number">0</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-brackets">{</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-comment">//每屏显示22行</span><span class="hl-comment"></span><span class="hl-code">
                        </span><span class="hl-identifier">cout</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">请按回车键继续</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">;
                        </span><span class="hl-identifier">cin</span><span class="hl-code">.</span><span class="hl-identifier">get</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">;
                    </span><span class="hl-brackets">}</span><span class="hl-code">
                    </span><span class="hl-identifier">cout</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="hl-identifier">setw</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-number">15</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="hl-identifier">counter</span><span class="hl-code">;
                    </span><span class="hl-mlcomment">/*</span><span class="hl-mlcomment">下面输出每种取法，一行为一种取法的三个颜色</span><span class="hl-mlcomment">*/</span><span class="hl-code">
                    </span><span class="hl-reserved">for</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-identifier">loop</span><span class="hl-code">=</span><span class="hl-number">1</span><span class="hl-code">;</span><span class="hl-identifier">loop</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;=</span><span class="hl-number">3</span><span class="hl-code">;</span><span class="hl-identifier">loop</span><span class="hl-code">++</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-brackets">{</span><span class="hl-code">
                        </span><span class="hl-reserved">switch</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-identifier">loop</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-brackets">{</span><span class="hl-code">
                            </span><span class="hl-reserved">case</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-number">1</span><span class="hl-code">: </span><span class="hl-identifier">color</span><span class="hl-code">=</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-identifier">color_set</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">i</span><span class="hl-code">; </span><span class="hl-reserved">break</span><span class="hl-code">;    </span><span class="hl-comment">//第一个是i</span><span class="hl-comment"></span><span class="hl-code">
                            </span><span class="hl-reserved">case</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-number">2</span><span class="hl-code">: </span><span class="hl-identifier">color</span><span class="hl-code">=</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-identifier">color_set</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">j</span><span class="hl-code">; </span><span class="hl-reserved">break</span><span class="hl-code">;    </span><span class="hl-comment">//第二个是j</span><span class="hl-comment"></span><span class="hl-code">
                            </span><span class="hl-reserved">case</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-number">3</span><span class="hl-code">: </span><span class="hl-identifier">color</span><span class="hl-code">=</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-identifier">color_set</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">k</span><span class="hl-code">; </span><span class="hl-reserved">break</span><span class="hl-code">;    </span><span class="hl-comment">//第三个是k</span><span class="hl-comment"></span><span class="hl-code">
                        </span><span class="hl-brackets">}</span><span class="hl-code">
                        </span><span class="hl-reserved">switch</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-identifier">color</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-brackets">{</span><span class="hl-code">
                            </span><span class="hl-reserved">case</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">red</span><span class="hl-code">:   </span><span class="hl-identifier">cout</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="hl-identifier">setw</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-number">15</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">red</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">;   </span><span class="hl-reserved">break</span><span class="hl-code">;
                            </span><span class="hl-reserved">case</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">yellow</span><span class="hl-code">:</span><span class="hl-identifier">cout</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="hl-identifier">setw</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-number">15</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">yellow</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">;</span><span class="hl-reserved">break</span><span class="hl-code">;
                            </span><span class="hl-reserved">case</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">blue</span><span class="hl-code">:  </span><span class="hl-identifier">cout</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="hl-identifier">setw</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-number">15</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">blue</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">;  </span><span class="hl-reserved">break</span><span class="hl-code">;
                            </span><span class="hl-reserved">case</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">white</span><span class="hl-code">:    </span><span class="hl-identifier">cout</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="hl-identifier">setw</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-number">15</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">white</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">; </span><span class="hl-reserved">break</span><span class="hl-code">;
                            </span><span class="hl-reserved">case</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">black</span><span class="hl-code">: </span><span class="hl-identifier">cout</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="hl-identifier">setw</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-number">15</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">black</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">; </span><span class="hl-reserved">break</span><span class="hl-code">;
                        </span><span class="hl-brackets">}</span><span class="hl-code">
                    </span><span class="hl-brackets">}</span><span class="hl-code">
                    </span><span class="hl-identifier">cout</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="hl-identifier">endl</span><span class="hl-code">;            </span><span class="hl-comment">//输出一种取法后换行</span><span class="hl-comment"></span><span class="hl-code">
                </span><span class="hl-brackets">}</span><span class="hl-code">
            </span><span class="hl-brackets">}</span><span class="hl-code">
        </span><span class="hl-brackets">}</span><span class="hl-code">
    </span><span class="hl-brackets">}</span><span class="hl-code">
    </span><span class="hl-identifier">cout</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">共有：</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="hl-identifier">counter</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">种取法</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="hl-identifier">endl</span><span class="hl-code">;
    </span><span class="hl-reserved">return</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-number">0</span><span class="hl-code">;
</span><span class="hl-brackets">}</span></div>
</div></div>
<h3>重要提示
</h3>
<ul><li>枚举变量可以直接输出，但不能直接输入。如：cout &gt;&gt; color3;&nbsp;&nbsp; //非法 </li><li>不能直接将常量赋给枚举变量。如：&nbsp; color1=1; //非法 </li><li>不同类型的枚举变量之间不能相互赋值。如： color1=color3;&nbsp; //非法 </li><li>枚举变量的输入输出一般都采用switch语句将其转换为字符或字符串；枚举类型数据的其他处理也往往应用switch语句，以保证程序的合法性和可读性。 </li></ul>				</div>
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